European Parliament political group
Europe of Nations and Freedom (ENF ; French: Europe des nations et des libertés , ENL ) was a far-right [ 16] [ 17] [ 18] [ 19] political group that operated in the European Parliament between 2015 and 2019. It was composed of 37 MEPs and only existed during the European Parliament's 8th term . Most of its MPs were members of the Movement for a Europe of Nations and Freedom political party.
Ideologically, ENF was right-wing populist and Eurosceptic . Its members included far-right parties such as French National Front (known as National Rally after 2018), Italian Lega Nord , Dutch Party for Freedom , and Vlaams Belang . After the 2019 European Parliament election , ENF was transformed into the Identity and Democracy group.[ 20]
^ "Le Pen finds common cause with Europe's nationalists" . BBC News . 16 June 2015.
^ "EU Parliament: Liberal ALDE group rebrands as 'Renew Europe" . Euronews. 12 June 2019. Retrieved 19 September 2022 .
^ Heijmans, Philip; de Goeij, Hana (16 December 2017). "European Far-Right Leaders, Meeting to Condemn the E.U., Are Greeted With Boos" . The New York Times . Retrieved 19 September 2022 .
^ a b Alan Siaroff (2019). Comparative European Party Systems: An Analysis of Parliamentary Elections Since 1945 . Taylor & Francis. p. 469. ISBN 978-1-317-49876-6 .
^ Tobias Gerhard Schminke. "Instabile Rechtsfraktion im EU-Parlament – Treffpunkt Europa | europäisch, politisch, kritisch" . Treffpunkteuropa.de. Retrieved 4 November 2015 .
^ Europe’s right-wing populist leaders to confer in Germany . The Washington Post. Published 19 January 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
^ "Building blocs: EU leaders make post-election deals for top jobs" . Al Jazeera. 28 May 2019. Retrieved 19 September 2022 .
^ "France's Le Pen announces far-right bloc of anti-EU MEPs" . BBC News. 16 June 2015. Retrieved 19 September 2022 .
^ Canepa, Francesco (16 February 2018). "Soros lobbies ECB for more euro zone integration, draws criticism" . Reuters. Retrieved 19 September 2022 .
^ EU's right-wing ENF faction unites to fight for 'patriotism, sovereignty and identity' . Deutsche Welle. Published 21 January 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
^ Europe’s top rightwing politicians gather in Koblenz . Financial Times. Published 21 January 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
^ "France's Le Pen announces far-right bloc of anti-EU MEPs" . BBC News . 16 June 2015. Retrieved 9 July 2015 .
^ Samuel, Henry; Holehouse, Matthew (16 June 2015). "Marine Le Pen forms far-Right group in European Parliament" . The Telegraph . London. Retrieved 8 July 2015 .
^ Rettman, Andrew (15 June 2015). "Far-right parties form group in EU parliament" . EU Observer . Retrieved 9 July 2015 .
^ "Far right MEPs form EU parliamentary group | The Parliament Magazine" . Theparliamentmagazine.eu. Retrieved 4 November 2015 .
^ "Far-right poised to double EU seats – DW – 03/09/2019" . dw.com . 9 March 2019. Retrieved 7 April 2024 .
^ Norman, Ludvig (November 2017). "Defending the European political order: Visions of politics in response to the radical right". European Journal of Social Theory . 20 (4): 531–549. doi :10.1177/1368431016679670 .
^ Woertz, Eckart; Soler i Lecha, Eduard (27 May 2022). "Populism and Euro-Mediterranean cooperation: The Barcelona Process 25 years after". Mediterranean Politics . 27 (3): 273–296. doi :10.1080/13629395.2020.1799165 .
^ Oltermann, Philip (24 October 2017). "Austria's far-right Freedom party invited to enter coalition talks" . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 April 2024 .
^ "France's Le Pen unveils new far-right European Parliament group" . Reuters . 13 June 2019.